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03/01/2003 Entry: "St David's Day"

St David's DayAn article by Rhys James Jones, released under Creative Commons Public Licence.

If you were lucky enough to be in Wales on March the first, you would find the country in a festive mood. Every self-respecting man, woman and child would be celebrating St. David's Day in one way or another. But who was St. David, and why is he so important to the Welsh? And just how is St. David's Day celebrated in Wales today?

Well, Saint David, or Dewi Sant, as he is known in the Welsh language, is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Celtic monk, abbot and bishop, who lived in the sixth century. During his life, he was the archbishop of Wales, and he was one of many early saints who helped to spread Christianity among the pagan Celtic tribes of western Britain.

For details of the life of Dewi, we depend mainly on his biographer, Rhigyfarch. He wrote Buchedd Dewi (the life of David) in the 11th century. Gerallt Gymro (Giraldus Cambrensis), who wrote a book about his travels through Wales in the 12th century, also gives some information about Dewi's early life. Dewi died in the sixth century, so nearly five hundred years elapsed between his death and the first manuscripts recording his life. As a result, it isn't clear how much of the history of Dewi's life is legend rather than fact.

However, both sources say, so we can be relatively certain, that Dewi was a very gentle person who lived a frugal life. It is claimed that he ate mostly bread and herbs - probably watercress, which was widely used at the time. Despite this supposedly meagre diet, it is reported that he was tall and physically strong.

Dewi is said to have been of royal lineage. His father, Sant, was the son of Ceredig, who was prince of Ceredigion, a region in South-West Wales. His mother, Non, was the daughter of a local chieftain. Legend has it that Non was also a niece of King Arthur.

Dewi was born near Capel Non (Non's chapel) on the South-West Wales coast near the present city of Saint Dewi. We know a little about his early life - he was educated in a monastery called Hen Fynyw, his teacher being Paulinus, a blind monk. Dewi stayed there for some years before going forth with a party of followers on his missionary travels.

Dewi travelled far on his missionary journeys through Wales, where he established several churches. He also travelled to the south and west of England and Cornwall as well as Brittany. It is also possible that he visited Ireland. Two friends of his, Saints Padarn and Teilo, are said to have often accompanied him on his journeys, and they once went together on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to meet the Patriarch.

Dewi is sometimes known, in Welsh, as 'Dewi Ddyfrwr' (David the Water Drinker) and, indeed, water was an important part of his life - he is said to have drunk nothing else. Sometimes, as a self-imposed penance, he would stand up to his neck in a lake of cold water, reciting Scripture. Little wonder, then, that some authors have seen Dewi as an early Puritan!

He founded a monastery at Glyn Rhosyn (Rose Vale) on the banks of the small river Alun where the cathedral city of St. David stands today. The monastic brotherhood that Dewi founded was very strict, the brothers having to work very hard besides praying and celebrating masses. They had to get up very early in the morning for prayers and afterwards work very hard to help maintain life at the monastery, cultivating the land and even pulling the plough. Many crafts were followed - beekeeping, in particular, was very important. The monks had to keep themselves fed as well as the many pilgrims and travellers who needed lodgings. They also had to feed and clothe the poor and needy in their neighbourhood.

There are many stories regarding Dewi's life. It is said that he once rose a youth from death, and milestones during his life were marked by the appearance of springs of water. These events are arguably more apocryphal than factual, but are so well known to Welsh-speaking schoolchildren that it is worth mentioning them here.

Perhaps the most well-known story regarding Dewi's life is said to have taken place at the Synod of Llanddewi Brefi. They were to decide whether Dewi was to be Archbishop. A great crowd gathered at the synod, and when Dewi stood up to speak, one of the congregation shouted, 'We won't be able to see or hear him'. At that instant the ground rose till everyone could see and hear Dewi. Unsurprisingly, it was decided, very shortly afterwards, that Dewi would be the Archbishop...

It is claimed that Dewi lived for over 100 years, and it is generally accepted that he died in 589. His last words to his followers were in a sermon on the previous Sunday. Rhigyfarch transcribes these as 'Be joyful, and keep your faith and your creed. Do the little things that you have seen me do and heard about. I will walk the path that our fathers have trod before us.' 'Do the little things' ('Gwnewch y pethau bychain') is today a very well-known phrase in Welsh, and has proved an inspiration to many. On a Tuesday, the first of March, in the year 589, the monastery is said to have been 'filled with angels as Christ received his soul'.

Dewi's body was buried in the grounds of his own monastery, where the Cathedral of St. David now stands. After his death, his influence spread far and wide - first through Britain, along what was left of the Roman roads, and by sea to Cornwall and Brittany.

St David's Day, as celebrated today, dates back to 1120, when Dewi was canonised by Pope Callactus the Second, and March 1st was included in the Church calendar. After Dewi's canonisation, many pilgrimages were made to St. David's, and it was reported that two pilgrimages there equalled one to Rome, and three pilgrimages one to Jerusalem. March 1st was celebrated until the Reformation as a holy day. Many churches are dedicated to Dewi, and some to his mother Non.

It is not certain how much of the history of St. David is fact and how much is mere speculation. At the end of 1996, though, bones were found in St. David's Cathedral which, it is claimed, could be those of Dewi himself. These will soon be taken for radio-carbon dating to the same units that dated the Turin Shroud. So a whole new light could soon be cast on Dewi's life...

Regardless of this, St. David was, and is, a very important figure to the Welsh. Naturally, then, St. David's Day is a time of great celebration in Wales. Societies all over Wales celebrate with special meetings and events. In St. David's Hall, Cardiff, each March 1st, there will be a concert featuring a 1000-member male voice choir, specially formed for the occasion. Male voice choirs are flown to all corners of the globe on St. David's Day, to entertain Welsh communities. I have my own happy, vivid and very special memories of St. David's Day as a child, which are typical of how St. David's Day is celebrated in Welsh schools.

I should say that I was fortunate to be born into a Welsh-speaking family. My mother tongue is Welsh, and it is only when we have English-speaking visitors that any English is heard within my home. Naturally, I attended a Welsh-medium primary school, where all subjects except English are taught through the medium of Welsh.

St. David himself spoke an old form of Welsh fourteen centuries ago, and the Saint has become synonymous with keeping the language alive, and all that is good in the Welsh way of life. Welsh is the oldest living European language, and although it has been oppressed for centuries, it has refused to die and is alive and growing today. The Welsh medium schools, which have largely been set up during the past three decades, have played an important part in making the language an everyday language as opposed to just an academic one.

St. David's Day at the primary school began with a religious service in one of the chapels or churches in Carmarthen. We went to school dressed in our Welsh costumes. The girls looked charming in a pais a betgwn - a petticoat and overcoat, made of Welsh flannel, and a tall beaver hat, worn over a frilled white bonnet. The boys wore a white shirt with a jabbot and wrist frills, a Welsh flannel waistcoat, black breeches, long woollen socks and black shoes. To complete the outfit we wore a flat beaver hat. I wore my national costume with pride until I was seven years old, and after that I had to be bribed to do so... I later wore a Welsh flannel waistcoat in honour of the great day.

The pupils marched through the town, led by the Mayor and town dignitaries. People gathered to see us marching past, and to wave us on. Little did they realise that we, the sons and daughters of Welsh Wales, almost froze to death on these mornings. After all, a white shirt was little protection against the cold winds of a March morning, despite having a woollen jumper underneath. If it rained we were doubly miserable. To add to our discomfort the churches and chapels were colder and the services long. Dewi was a strict disciplinarian: he would have been proud of us.

But we went back to school for a bowl of cawl - or leek broth: the traditional St. David's Day meal. After lunch we danced Welsh dances, sang Welsh folk songs and recited Welsh poems. The highlight of the day was the judging of the longest leek competition, but I never envied the winner because he was cheered on to 'eat some of your leek'. Again, Dewi would have approved, because as you probably remember, he was also a vegetarian.

At my secondary school, which was also a Welsh medium school, it was no longer compulsory to wear the Welsh costume on St. David's Day. But we still celebrated: we held an Eisteddfod - a competitive singing, dancing and reciting festival. This lasted all day and ended with an inter-house choir competition. And needless to say, all competitions were in the Welsh language.

Well, I hope that you now have some idea of who St. David was, and why he is so important to the Welsh. Dewi's words still ring down through the ages. So perhaps, as we go about our lives, we would be wise to remember his very last words, and to do the little things.

Posted by Rhys @ 03/03/2003 07:43 PM CST

Hmm, well it's always a surprise to see that turn up anywhere. Thanks Richard. And special thanks for abiding by the spirit of the Creative Commons licence :)

If I was writing it today, I would have done a lot of things differently. I'd have got rid of that truly awful, cheesy ending for a start. And added an FAQ so you don't have to trawl through 1500 words of text to find the answers that most visitors are looking for. More than anything else though, I'd have made more clear the distinction between what we know and what we conjecture about Saint David. What we know is essentially that he was a sixth-century missionary, albeit quite a leading one of the time. And that's essentially it.

What we conjecture is pretty much everything else that's told about him. The document that contains much of the traditional tales about David was written in the 11th/12th century, to combat the Pelagian heresy and to try and establish some independence for the Welsh church which was then risking losing its independence after the Norman invasion. So one of the aims of that document was to try to establish David as a figure of note within the Welsh church - a figure who was eminent long before 1066. That's not to say that 'Buchedd Dewi' (The Life of Dewi - the document I was referring to) is a complete fabrication, but rather that it built on (or, if you will, embroidered) some of the existing oral tradition about David. But it's difficult to separate this from the theological politicising that it also contains. That story that I referred to about the ground rising beneath David's feet? Well, that may well have been an existing oral tradition about the saint. But what's really significant is that, according to 'Buchedd Dewi', David was speaking out at the time against Pelagianism. Which he probably wasn't, but putting that in 'Buchedd Dewi' would have accorded some divine approval for that viewpoint. With such things in mind, then, take pretty much everything you read about David with a large pinch of salt - but this we do know: he existed; he was a figure of note in his time, and his fame spread widely in the following centuries. That, at least, satisfies me that it's ok to celebrate him. [oh, and the bones were found to be from the 12th century, hence not David's. oh well.]

Rhys

Posted by Rhys @ 03/03/2003 07:42 PM CST

Hmm, well it's always a surprise to see that turn up anywhere. Thanks Richard. And special thanks for abiding by the spirit of the Creative Commons licence :)

If I was writing it today, I would have done a lot of things differently. It needs a rewrite (for no other reason than to get rid of its truly awful, cheesy ending). It needs an FAQ. More than anything else though, it needs to reemphasise the distinction between what we know and what we conjecture about Saint David. What we know is essentially that he was a sixth-century missionary, albeit quite a leading one of the time.

What we conjecture is pretty much everything else. The document that contains much of the traditional tales about David was written in the 11th/12th century, to combat the Pelagian heresy and to try and establish some independence for the Welsh church which was then risking losing its independence after the Norman invasion. So one of the aims of that document was to try to establish David as a figure of note within the Welsh church - a figure that was eminent long before 1066.

That's not to say that 'Buchedd Dewi' (The Life of Dewi - the document I was referring to) is a complete fabrication, but rather that it built on (or, if you will, embroidered) some of the existing oral tradition about David. But it's difficult to separate this from the theological politicising that it also contains. That story that I referred to about the ground rising beneath David's feet? Well, that may well have been an existing oral tradition about the saint. But what's really significant is that, according to 'Buchedd Dewi', David was speaking out at the time against Pelagianism. This would have accorded some divine approval for that viewpoint.

With such things in mind, then, take pretty much everything you read about David with a large pinch of salt - but this we do know: he existed; he was a figure of note in his time, and his fame spread widely in the following centuries. That, at least, satisfies me that it's ok to celebrate him.

[oh, and the bones were found to be from the 12th century, hence not David's. oh well.]

Rhys

Posted by Rhys @ 03/03/2003 07:36 PM CST

Hmm, well it's always a surprise to see that turn up anywhere. Thanks Richard. And special thanks for abiding by the spirit of the Creative Commons licence :)

If I was writing it today, I would have done a lot of things differently. It needs a rewrite (for no other reason than to get rid of its truly awful, cheesy ending). It needs an FAQ. More than anything else though, it needs to reemphasise the distinction between what we know and what we conjecture about Saint David. What we know is essentially that he was a sixth-century missionary, albeit quite a leading one of the time.

What we conjecture is pretty much everything else. The document that contains much of the traditional tales about David was written in the 11th/12th century, to combat the Pelagian heresy and to try and establish some independence for the Welsh church which was then risking losing its independence after the Norman invasion. So one of the aims of that document was to try to establish David as a figure of note within the Welsh church - a figure that was eminent long before 1066.

That's not to say that 'Buchedd Dewi' (The Life of Dewi - the document I was referring to) is a complete fabrication, but rather that it built on (or, if you will, embroidered) some of the existing oral tradition about David. But it's difficult to separate this from the theological politicising that it also contains. That story that I referred to about the ground rising beneath David's feet? Well, that may well have been an existing oral tradition about the saint. But what's really significant is that, according to 'Buchedd Dewi', David was speaking out at the time against Pelagianism. This would have accorded some divine approval for that viewpoint.

With such things in mind, then, take pretty much everything you read about David with a large pinch of salt - but this we do know: he existed; he was a figure of note in his time, and his fame spread widely in the following centuries. That, at least, satisfies me that it's ok to celebrate him.

[oh, and the bones were found to be from the 12th century, hence not David's. oh well.]

Rhys

Posted by Rhys @ 03/03/2003 07:36 PM CST